Rafinesquina

Rafinesquina is an extinct genus of large brachiopod that existed from the Darriwilian to the Ludlow epoch.

Rafinesquina

James St. John · CC BY 2.0 · via Wikipedia/Commons. May be a photograph of a specimen, or an artist’s reconstruction — an interpretation of a skeleton, since colour and soft tissue are almost never preserved.

On record

Recorded, not inferred
Sits inside
RafinesquininaePBDB
Diet
suspension feederPBDB
Life habit
epifaunalPBDB
Motility
stationaryPBDB
Vision
blindPBDB, for Strophomenata
Environment
marinePBDB, for Lophophorata

Time the record covers

At least 44 million years on record.

The record covers at least 477.1 Mya to 432.9 Mya. No occurrence read is dated outside 486.85 Mya to 422.7 Mya.

Cambrian — about 0 of 1521 occurrencesOrdovician — about 1502 of 1521 occurrencesOrdovicianSilurian — about 19 of 1521 occurrencesSilurian488–486 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences486–484 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences484–481 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences481–479 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences479–477 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences477–475 Mya — about 0.4 occurrences475–473 Mya — about 0.4 occurrences473–470 Mya — about 3 occurrences470–468 Mya — about 7 occurrences468–466 Mya — about 12 occurrences466–464 Mya — about 12 occurrences464–461 Mya — about 12 occurrences461–459 Mya — about 24 occurrences459–457 Mya — about 64 occurrences457–455 Mya — about 144 occurrences455–453 Mya — about 202 occurrences453–450 Mya — about 308 occurrences450–448 Mya — about 433 occurrences448–446 Mya — about 209 occurrences446–444 Mya — about 60 occurrences444–441 Mya — about 10 occurrences441–439 Mya — about 4 occurrences439–437 Mya — about 2 occurrences437–435 Mya — about 0.9 occurrences435–433 Mya — about 2 occurrences433–430 Mya — about 6 occurrences430–428 Mya — about 0.8 occurrences428–426 Mya — about 0.6 occurrences426–424 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences424–421 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences477.1 Mya432.9 Mya488 Mya421 Mya

1,521 occurrences of Rafinesquina on record, most of them in the Ordovician. Bar height is expected occurrences, not a count: each fossil is spread across the span it is dated to, so a tall narrow bar means tight dating and a low wide one means loose.

When

1,521 occurrences

These are dates about fossils, not the animal: the record can only begin after it arose and end before it died out, so either end may reach further. Shares are expected occurrences: a fossil dated to a span is counted partly in each period it straddles. More on what this infers.

Found in

169 formations

Martinsburg — 36.95°N, 81.08°WMartinsburg — 38.93°N, 78.20°WMartinsburg — 38.51°N, 78.63°WMartinsburg — 40.48°N, 76.53°WMartinsburg — 36.90°N, 81.53°WMartinsburg — 37.35°N, 80.81°WMartinsburg — 37.38°N, 80.86°WMartinsburg — 41.74°N, 74.18°WWaynesville — 39.45°N, 83.83°WWaynesville — 39.00°N, 84.00°WWaynesville — 39.53°N, 84.08°WWaynesville — 39.58°N, 84.95°WWaynesville — 39.44°N, 84.98°WWaynesville — 39.34°N, 84.95°WWaynesville — 39.48°N, 84.05°WWaynesville — 39.36°N, 84.36°WWaynesville — 39.33°N, 84.07°WWaynesville — 38.77°N, 85.36°WWaynesville — 38.87°N, 83.79°WWaynesville — 39.07°N, 85.25°WWaynesville — 39.16°N, 84.60°WWaynesville — 39.57°N, 84.03°WWaynesville — 39.44°N, 84.20°WWaynesville — 39.47°N, 84.25°WLexington Limestone — 37.65°N, 84.77°WLexington Limestone — 38.00°N, 84.67°WLexington Limestone — 38.22°N, 84.86°WLexington Limestone — 38.34°N, 84.85°WLexington Limestone — 37.98°N, 84.42°WLexington Limestone — 38.00°N, 84.17°WLexington Limestone — 37.94°N, 84.14°WLexington Limestone — 37.90°N, 84.27°WLexington Limestone — 38.35°N, 84.86°WLexington Limestone — 37.84°N, 84.59°WLexington Limestone — 37.84°N, 84.46°WLexington Limestone — 37.64°N, 84.66°WLexington Limestone — 37.89°N, 84.51°WKope — 39.00°N, 84.00°WKope — 39.03°N, 84.51°WKope — 38.80°N, 84.16°WKope — 39.01°N, 84.45°WKope — 38.68°N, 83.79°WKope — 39.05°N, 84.39°WKope — 38.43°N, 83.99°WKope — 38.77°N, 84.10°WKope — 39.12°N, 84.55°WVerulam — 44.75°N, 79.33°WVerulam — 44.60°N, 78.97°WVerulam — 44.50°N, 78.58°WVerulam — 44.50°N, 78.67°WVerulam — 44.52°N, 78.97°WVerulam — 44.43°N, 78.78°WVerulam — 44.48°N, 78.95°WVerulam — 44.02°N, 77.15°WVerulam — 44.50°N, 79.17°WVerulam — 45.42°N, 75.73°WFairview — 39.00°N, 84.00°WFairview — 39.01°N, 84.45°WFairview — 39.03°N, 84.51°WFairview — 39.30°N, 84.40°WFairview — 38.68°N, 83.79°WFairview — 39.07°N, 84.51°WFairview — 39.20°N, 84.34°WLiberty — 39.42°N, 85.01°WLiberty — 39.00°N, 84.00°WLiberty — 38.20°N, 85.57°WLiberty — 39.49°N, 84.95°WLiberty — 39.34°N, 84.95°WLiberty — 39.48°N, 84.06°WLiberty — 39.48°N, 84.05°WLiberty — 38.78°N, 85.37°WLiberty — 39.05°N, 84.40°WLiberty — 39.39°N, 83.91°WSunset — 39.43°N, 84.60°WSunset — 39.33°N, 84.07°WSunset — 38.49°N, 83.76°WSunset — 39.34°N, 84.39°WSunset — 39.37°N, 84.39°WSunset — 39.54°N, 84.34°WSunset — 39.41°N, 84.50°WSunset — 39.13°N, 84.62°WSunset — 38.61°N, 83.77°WSunset — 39.03°N, 83.85°WCorryville — 39.00°N, 84.00°WCorryville — 39.43°N, 84.60°WCorryville — 39.17°N, 84.12°WCorryville — 39.30°N, 84.40°WCorryville — 38.68°N, 83.79°WCorryville — 39.33°N, 84.07°WWhitewater — 39.83°N, 84.89°WWhitewater — 39.00°N, 84.00°WWhitewater — 38.00°N, 85.50°WWhitewater — 39.49°N, 84.95°WWhitewater — 39.34°N, 84.95°WWhitewater — 39.48°N, 84.06°WWhitewater — 39.80°N, 84.09°WWhitewater — 39.39°N, 83.93°WWhitewater — 38.93°N, 83.52°WWhitewater — 38.83°N, 83.51°WWhitewater — 37.75°N, 84.30°WOregonia — 39.44°N, 84.98°WOregonia — 39.34°N, 84.95°WOregonia — 39.48°N, 84.06°WOregonia — 39.22°N, 84.08°WOregonia — 39.54°N, 84.34°WOregonia — 39.13°N, 84.60°WOregonia — 39.33°N, 84.07°WOregonia — 38.58°N, 83.70°WOregonia — 39.03°N, 83.85°WDenley Limestone — 43.21°N, 75.46°WDenley Limestone — 44.00°N, 75.00°WDenley Limestone — 43.28°N, 75.14°WDenley Limestone — 43.88°N, 75.49°WCatheys — 36.35°N, 85.79°WCatheys — 35.87°N, 87.03°WCatheys — 36.27°N, 86.73°WCatheys — 35.62°N, 87.10°WCatheys — 35.18°N, 86.99°WCatheys — 35.50°N, 86.50°WCatheys — 35.82°N, 86.83°WCatheys — 36.32°N, 85.94°WCatheys — 36.45°N, 85.58°WCatheys — 36.37°N, 85.64°WCatheys — 36.37°N, 85.65°WTrenton — 36.70°N, 83.29°WBellevue — 38.87°N, 84.46°WBellevue — 39.00°N, 84.00°WBellevue — 39.03°N, 84.51°WBellevue — 39.17°N, 84.12°WBellevue — 39.30°N, 84.40°WBellevue — 38.68°N, 83.79°WBellevue — 39.11°N, 84.51°WMount Auburn — 39.00°N, 84.00°WMount Auburn — 39.43°N, 84.60°WMount Auburn — 38.87°N, 83.91°WMount Auburn — 39.33°N, 84.07°WMount Auburn — 39.41°N, 84.50°WMount Auburn — 38.50°N, 83.76°WMcMillan — 37.74°N, 85.26°WMcMillan — 38.04°N, 85.29°WMcMillan — 38.60°N, 85.27°WMcMillan — 38.75°N, 85.38°WMcMillan — 38.88°N, 84.61°WMcMillan — 39.12°N, 84.50°WMcMillan — 39.14°N, 84.58°WMcMillan — 39.15°N, 84.59°WMcMillan — 39.18°N, 84.40°WMcMillan — 39.19°N, 84.53°WMcMillan — 39.26°N, 84.43°WMeadowtown Beds — 52.67°N, 2.00°WMiamitown — 39.12°N, 84.51°WMiamitown — 39.17°N, 84.58°WMiamitown — 39.03°N, 84.51°WMiamitown — 39.30°N, 84.40°WBobcaygeon — 44.67°N, 78.80°WBobcaygeon — 44.53°N, 78.55°WBobcaygeon — 44.50°N, 79.20°WBobcaygeon — 44.60°N, 79.00°WClays Ferry — 38.00°N, 84.67°WClays Ferry — 38.31°N, 84.85°WClays Ferry — 37.88°N, 84.34°WClays Ferry — 37.59°N, 85.07°WClays Ferry — 38.38°N, 84.30°WBull Fork — 38.40°N, 83.72°WBull Fork — 38.60°N, 83.72°WAmadjuak — 63.72°N, 68.97°WAmadjuak — 66.00°N, 69.83°WAmadjuak — 68.77°N, 81.22°WAmadjuak — 63.75°N, 68.95°WWhite Head — 48.83°N, 64.48°WWhite Head — 48.52°N, 64.22°WWhite Head — 46.88°N, 60.35°W

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The named rock units Rafinesquina has been recovered from, largest first. Drawn where the rock is now, not where it formed. 145 further formations hold fewer occurrences each and are not listed. 74 occurrences have no formation on record, which is common for older literature.

Rafinesquina and its relatives

Ordovician

Where Rafinesquina and its relatives were recorded in the Ordovician.

Found in the same rock

1,638 taxa

The Paleobiology Database records 1,332 sites for Rafinesquina, and this reads 240 of them. The number is how many of those sites it was catalogued from too. The 24 sharing the most are listed.

This is not a list of everything alive at the time. It is only what has come out of the same ground as this animal and been written down.

Entered from

137 references

Each of the 1,521 occurrences read was entered from one of these publications, ordered by how many each accounts for. This is not a search for papers mentioning the name. 125 further references are not listed. Entries link to doi.org where the Paleobiology Database holds an identifier, and to its own record where it does not. Relayed as the Paleobiology Database holds them, not checked against what they resolve to.

Media and terms

Media content3

Picture of Rafinesquina

Credit
James St. John
Licence
CC BY 2.0
Commercial use
the licence allows it

CT scan

Licence
not stated by the source
Commercial use
cannot be read from the licence given — check the record
Specimen
Rafinesquina sp. · cmc:IP98743

3D model

Source
Sketchfab
Licence
CC0 Public Domain
Commercial use
the licence allows it

Smithsonian Open Access was not reached for this taxon, so this list is what the others held rather than everything there is.

The description on this site

Licence
CC BY-SA 4.0

This is what the site found, which is not the same as what exists.

Keep going

What may have been alongside itRafinesquininae through timeFormations of the OrdovicianThe world it lived on

Occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, CC BY 4.0. Hall and Clarke 1892