Ruminantia

Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to easily acquire nutrients from plant-based fibers by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process, which takes place in the front part of the digestive system and therefore is called foregut fermentation, typically requires the fermented ingesta to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the ingesta to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination or chewing the cud. The word ruminant comes from the Latin rūminārī, "to ruminate", from rūmen, the first stomach.

Ruminantia

File:Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758).jpg ( Michael Gäbler ) File:Tragulus javanicus jerusalem zoo.jpg ( Levg ) File:Kou… · Public Domain · via Wikipedia/Commons. May be a photograph of a specimen, or an artist’s reconstruction — an interpretation of a skeleton, since colour and soft tissue are almost never preserved.

On record

Recorded, not inferred
Also called
ruminantPBDB
Sits inside
ArtiodactylaPBDB
Diet
grazer, browserPBDB, for Artiodactyla
Life habit
ground dwellingPBDB, for Artiodactyla
Motility
actively mobilePBDB, for Osteichthyes
Environment
terrestrialPBDB, for Artiodactyla

Time the record covers

At least 41 million years on record.

The record covers at least 41.03 Mya to 11.7 ka. No occurrence read is dated outside 66 Mya to 0 Mya.

Late Cretaceous — about 0 of 12000 occurrencesPaleocene — about 0 of 12000 occurrencesPaleoceneEocene — about 430 of 12000 occurrencesEoceneOligocene — about 455 of 12000 occurrencesOligoceneMiocene — about 3069 of 12000 occurrencesMiocenePliocene — about 1524 of 12000 occurrencesPleistocene — about 5729 of 12000 occurrences67–65 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences65–63 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences63–61 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences61–58 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences58–56 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences56–54 Mya — about 0.7 occurrences54–52 Mya — about 0.7 occurrences52–49 Mya — about 0.7 occurrences49–47 Mya — about 1 occurrence47–45 Mya — about 18 occurrences45–43 Mya — about 37 occurrences43–40 Mya — about 43 occurrences40–38 Mya — about 68 occurrences38–36 Mya — about 121 occurrences36–34 Mya — about 155 occurrences34–31 Mya — about 135 occurrences31–29 Mya — about 77 occurrences29–27 Mya — about 74 occurrences27–25 Mya — about 92 occurrences25–22 Mya — about 80 occurrences22–20 Mya — about 87 occurrences20–18 Mya — about 195 occurrences18–16 Mya — about 356 occurrences16–13 Mya — about 489 occurrences13–11 Mya — about 482 occurrences11–9.0 Mya — about 497 occurrences9.0–6.7 Mya — about 573 occurrences6.7–4.5 Mya — about 710 occurrences4.5–2.2 Mya — about 1880 occurrences2.2–0 Mya — about 5825 occurrences41.03 Mya11.7 ka67 Mya0 Mya

12,000+ occurrences of Ruminantia on record. The Paleobiology Database records this as a living group. Bar height is expected occurrences, not a count: each fossil is spread across the span it is dated to, so a tall narrow bar means tight dating and a low wide one means loose.

When

12,000 occurrences read

These are dates about fossils, not the animal: the record can only begin after it arose and end before it died out, so either end may reach further. Shares are expected occurrences: a fossil dated to a span is counted partly in each period it straddles. The read hit its cap, so every figure above is a floor and the shares are of the occurrences read. More on what this infers.

Found in

at least 535 formations

Koobi Fora — 3.90°N, 36.24°EKoobi Fora — 3.98°N, 36.32°EKoobi Fora — 3.86°N, 36.26°EKoobi Fora — 4.07°N, 36.37°EKoobi Fora — 3.87°N, 36.37°EKoobi Fora — 4.31°N, 36.28°EKoobi Fora — 4.23°N, 36.43°EKoobi Fora — 3.75°N, 36.36°EKoobi Fora — 3.75°N, 36.34°EKoobi Fora — 4.28°N, 36.24°EKoobi Fora — 4.24°N, 36.28°EKoobi Fora — 4.28°N, 36.38°EKoobi Fora — 4.06°N, 36.33°EKoobi Fora — 3.95°N, 36.42°EKoobi Fora — 3.73°N, 36.43°EKoobi Fora — 3.70°N, 36.32°EKoobi Fora — 3.57°N, 36.33°EKoobi Fora — 3.59°N, 36.24°ENachukui — 3.88°N, 35.72°ENachukui — 4.00°N, 35.73°ENachukui — 4.25°N, 35.79°ENachukui — 4.15°N, 35.74°ENachukui — 4.23°N, 35.81°ENachukui — 4.10°N, 35.77°ENachukui — 3.87°N, 35.76°ENachukui — 2.90°N, 36.05°ENachukui — 3.08°N, 35.83°ENachukui — 4.53°N, 35.75°ENachukui — 4.11°N, 35.73°ENachukui — 4.67°N, 35.75°ENachukui — 4.41°N, 35.83°ENachukui — 4.53°N, 35.92°ENachukui — 3.68°N, 35.75°ENachukui — 3.95°N, 35.45°EShungura — 5.09°N, 36.02°EShungura — 5.05°N, 36.01°EShungura — 5.09°N, 36.06°EVogel River Series — 3.13°S, 35.13°EVogel River Series — 3.24°S, 35.18°EVogel River Series — 3.22°S, 35.01°EVogel River Series — 3.25°S, 35.20°EVogel River Series — 3.23°S, 36.19°EVogel River Series — 3.01°S, 35.20°EOlduvai — 2.97°S, 35.32°EOlduvai — 2.98°S, 34.32°EOlduvai — 2.98°S, 35.37°ESwartkrans — 26.02°S, 27.72°EValentine — 42.70°N, 100.00°WValentine — 42.49°N, 98.11°WValentine — 42.80°N, 100.80°WValentine — 42.80°N, 99.70°WValentine — 42.81°N, 100.05°WValentine — 40.02°N, 98.53°WValentine — 42.78°N, 100.03°WValentine — 40.10°N, 98.50°WValentine — 42.60°N, 98.00°WVarswater — 32.98°S, 18.15°EVarswater — 33.67°S, 18.43°EBrule — 42.90°N, 105.20°WBrule — 42.80°N, 103.10°WBrule — 40.80°N, 103.10°WBrule — 43.90°N, 102.40°WBrule — 43.30°N, 102.50°WBrule — 46.90°N, 102.80°WBrule — 42.40°N, 103.80°WBrule — 43.20°N, 103.20°WBrule — 42.00°N, 104.20°WBrule — 43.85°N, 102.50°WBrule — 46.40°N, 103.30°WBrule — 43.50°N, 101.90°WBrule — 41.83°N, 103.72°WBrule — 42.85°N, 103.82°WBrule — 41.70°N, 103.10°WBrule — 43.80°N, 103.10°WAsh Hollow — 42.80°N, 100.80°WAsh Hollow — 42.39°N, 98.10°WAsh Hollow — 40.50°N, 100.50°WAsh Hollow — 43.20°N, 100.70°WAsh Hollow — 42.60°N, 98.00°WAsh Hollow — 41.30°N, 105.10°WAsh Hollow — 42.70°N, 100.00°WAsh Hollow — 41.70°N, 103.10°WAsh Hollow — 41.30°N, 101.89°WAsh Hollow — 41.20°N, 101.80°WAsh Hollow — 43.40°N, 100.60°WAsh Hollow — 41.40°N, 102.40°WAsh Hollow — 42.30°N, 98.00°WAsh Hollow — 41.10°N, 103.00°WAsh Hollow — 42.80°N, 99.70°WHumbu — 2.33°S, 35.97°EHsanda Gol — 45.29°N, 101.63°EHsanda Gol — 45.27°N, 101.77°EHsanda Gol — 45.41°N, 101.26°EHsanda Gol — 45.30°N, 102.08°EHsanda Gol — 45.46°N, 101.20°EHsanda Gol — 45.39°N, 101.24°EHsanda Gol — 45.26°N, 101.72°EHsanda Gol — 45.45°N, 101.37°EChiwondo — 9.92°S, 34.92°EChiwondo — 10.17°S, 34.00°EChiwondo — 9.83°S, 34.83°EChiwondo — 10.33°S, 34.17°EChiwondo — 10.00°S, 33.92°EChiwondo — 10.05°S, 33.96°EOlorgesailie — 1.57°S, 36.44°EWood Mountain — 49.20°N, 106.20°WWood Mountain — 49.17°N, 105.99°WMytilinii — 37.75°N, 26.89°EMytilinii — 37.74°N, 26.89°EKromdraai — 26.00°S, 27.75°EKromdraai — 26.00°S, 27.45°EWehaietu — 10.73°N, 40.42°EWehaietu — 10.90°N, 40.47°EWehaietu — 10.72°N, 40.50°EWehaietu — 10.32°N, 40.55°EWehaietu — 10.63°N, 40.54°EChadron — 43.60°N, 102.45°WChadron — 42.00°N, 104.20°WChadron — 42.40°N, 103.80°WChadron — 42.80°N, 103.10°WChadron — 42.80°N, 103.40°WChadron — 42.90°N, 105.20°WChadron — 45.47°N, 112.62°WChadron — 46.10°N, 103.30°WChadron — 43.30°N, 102.50°WChadron — 45.50°N, 103.10°WChadron — 42.75°N, 103.65°WSespe — 34.30°N, 119.00°WSespe — 33.83°N, 117.71°WSespe — 33.73°N, 117.72°WSespe — 33.59°N, 117.76°WSespe — 33.60°N, 117.61°WWhite River — 43.20°N, 107.10°WWhite River — 41.60°N, 105.80°WWhite River — 43.20°N, 108.20°WWhite River — 40.80°N, 103.10°WWhite River — 41.80°N, 107.00°WWhite River — 40.97°N, 106.22°WHadar — 11.13°N, 40.59°EPalm Spring — 32.90°N, 117.10°WWembere-Manonga — 3.86°S, 33.71°EWembere-Manonga — 3.88°S, 33.85°EWembere-Manonga — 4.03°S, 33.77°EWembere-Manonga — 3.92°S, 33.87°EWembere-Manonga — 3.09°S, 33.73°E

Loading coastlines…

The named rock units Ruminantia has been recovered from, largest first. Drawn where the rock is now, not where it formed. The read hit its cap, so each count is a floor. 511 further formations hold fewer occurrences each and are not listed. 6,165 occurrences have no formation on record, which is common for older literature.

Found in the same rock

1,379 taxa

The Paleobiology Database records at least 1,212 sites for Ruminantia, and this reads 240 of them. The number is how many of those sites it was catalogued from too. The 24 sharing the most are listed.

This is not a list of everything alive at the time. It is only what has come out of the same ground as this animal and been written down.

Entered from

at least 1,845 references

Each of the 12,000 occurrences read was entered from one of these publications, ordered by how many each accounts for. This is not a search for papers mentioning the name. That read hit its cap, so each count is a floor. 1,833 further references are not listed. Entries link to doi.org where the Paleobiology Database holds an identifier, and to its own record where it does not. Relayed as the Paleobiology Database holds them, not checked against what they resolve to.

Media and terms

Media content1

Picture of Ruminantia

Credit
File:Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758).jpg ( Michael Gäbler ) File:Tragulus javanicus jerusalem zoo.jpg ( Levg ) File:Kou…
Licence
Public Domain
Commercial use
the licence allows it

No 3D scan of Ruminantia was found in Sketchfab.

Smithsonian Open Access and MorphoSource were not reached for this taxon, so this list is what the others held rather than everything there is.

The description on this site

Licence
CC BY-SA 4.0

This is what the site found, which is not the same as what exists.

Keep going

What may have been alongside itArtiodactyla through timeThe world it lived on

Occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, CC BY 4.0. (Scopoli 1777)